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يقوم البحث على تحليل ونقد نظريات الفلاسفة الإغريق في النفس من حيث تعريفها وإثبات وجودها .وحصرت بحثي على أشهرهم وأكثرهم تأثيرا فيمن بعدهم وهم: سقراط، أفلاطون، أرسطو. فأما سقراط فهو لم يترك لنا أثرا كتابيا يوضح فلسفته عامة بل اعتمد جميع الباحثين على أقواله إلى نقلها تلميذه أفلاطون. وتتلخص فلسفته بأنه يرى النفس جزء من الإله ولما رضي بالموت استنبط الباحثون بأنه يعتقد بحياة أخرى بعد الموت غير محددة المعالم، كما ناقشت ما يطرحه البعض عن توحيده ونبوته، وبينت خطأ ذلك. وأفلاطون بني كلامه في النفس على نظريته الشهيرة" الُمُثل " مع اعتماده بالتناسخ وعقبت عليه بما يبين خطأه ووثنيته، بينما تلميذه أرسطو يخالفه في تلك النظرية وهو يرى النفس كمال أول للإنسان، وأنها تنتهي بانتهاء الجسد وعقبت على نظريته بما يبين مجانبتها للحق وختمت البحث بعرض لأقوال أهل السنة والجماعة مشفوعة بآيات وأحاديث.
This research stands to analyze and criticize the philosophy theory of merging of the soul as an introduction and proof of its existence. So, I have focused my research on the most popular and the most influential amongst whom who came after them ؛Socrates, Plato and Aristotle .As far as Socrates, he did not leave any written notes which could explain his philosophy in general. In spite all of the researchers relied upon his sayings ،which were transferred by his student Plato. His philosophy is summarized as if he sees the soul a part of God, and when it agrees to die _concluded the researchers _that he believes in another infinite life after death. Also, I debated with, what others would negate about, his divinity and prophecy. So, I exposed this mistake as well. And, Plato based his word about soul upon his famous theory ؛The Similarity) the duplicate (and his faith in transmigration. So I criticized him with what would explain his blunder and paganism (idolatry).Whereas his student Aristotle opposes him in this theory. And, he sees that the soul is the pre-completion for human, and that it ends when body ends. Therefore I criticized his theory with what is close to reality. And I have ended my research by representing the word of the Ahlul Quraan-wa al-Sunnah containing Quraanic verses and the Prophet's utterance.
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