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-التميمة في فكر المصري القديم ما هي ألا قطعة صغيرة من الحجر يرتديها الإنسان من أجل حمايته سواء أثناء حياته أو لحمايته من أي ضرر قد يصيبه في رحلته إلى العالم الآخر، كما أنها تمنحه بعض الصفات المأمولة مثل القوة والصحة وغيرها من الصفات التي ينشدها المتوفى حتى يضمن الحياة الأبدية والخلود. ومن أشهر التمائم التي استخدمت على نطاق واسع: عين حورس، الجعران، عمود أوزيريس والعنخ علامة الحياة. تهدف هذه الدراسة إلى إلقاء الضوء على بعض التمائم المميزة في الفن المصري القديم، لدراسة مدى تميز تلك القطع وبيان سبب استخدامها ورمزيتها.
An “Amulet” is a small object to be worn on the living or dead body to protect the bearer against specific dangers and to provide him with special characteristics, such as health, strength or fierceness. Amulets were often in the shape of animals, plants, sacred objects, or hieroglyphic symbols, natural or manmade objects, the commonest of all is faience. The power and effectiveness of a natural amulet might derive from its shape, its material, its color, and its scarcity, or any combination of these properties. Amulets were made of different kinds of stone like lapis lazuli, carnelian, red or green jasper, hematite, steatite, beryl, serpentine, gold and limestone. Manmade amulets include pendants in the form of deities, demons, animals, plants, parts of the human body, furniture, tools and ritual objects. Some of these amulets are simply miniature models of things which the deceased needed or desired in the afterlife. A distinction is sometimes made between amulets and talismans; the purpose of an amulet is to protect, while the purpose of a talisman is to enhance a quality in the wearer or to promote success. The potency of amulets was recognized in the religious ceremonies and rituals especially those relating to funerary and mortuary rites. Several spells in the Book of the Dead were intended to be spoken over specific amulets, which were then placed in particular places on the body of the deceased. Each Amulet had a specific meaning and symbolic significance, the most widely worn protective amulets were: 1-the Horus eye wḏȝ.t eye, symbol of protection from any evil or harmi, 2-the Scarab xpr ,emblem of life renewingii, the scarab beetle, was an image of God Khepri, the regenerated sun at dawn, it remained a powerful image in magical texts, adapted for use as a sealiii, 3-the life sign anx , symbol of creative poweriv, according to the spell151 of the Book of the dead it was one of the four magical bricks need to be walled up in the funerary chamber towards the four cardinal pointsv, the power of this symbol as an amulet may be derived entirely from its meaning :life, 4- the Dd pillar , symbol representing the building-up of the backbone and reconstruction of the body of God Osirisvi, "it gives the power to reconstitute the body and become a perfect soul, symbolizing the Principle of Renewalvii.
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