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|a تتناول الدراسة بالبحث موضوع انتشار الطاعون في أوربا في العصر الوسيط، قد تم تسجيل ثلاثة أوبئة عالمية كبيرة من الطاعون في العالم تمثلت في الأعوام 541 م - 1347 م - 1894 م وتسبب كل منها في وفيات مدمرة للناس والحيوانات، وفي كل منها كان الكتاب والمؤرخين يُسهب في وصف أعراض المرض ونسبة الضحايا وأعمال وتدابير الحكومات إزاءه. توصلت هذه الدراسة لعدة نتائج من أهمها: (1) إن الطاعون مرض معد وكان أخطرها هو الطاعون الرئوي والذي ينتقل بسرعة عبر الهواء والتنفس. (2) كان سبب انتشار الوباء في أوروبا كان في أغلبها عن طريق التجارة والتجار الذين يأتون من المناطق المصابة بالطاعون بسفنهم وبواخرهم ويستقروا في بعض الموانئ الأوروبية ويكونوا بذلك بؤر وبائية في هذه المناطق. (3) اجتاح الطاعون أوروبا كالنار في الهشيم وأصبح يتنقل بين مدنها وخسر الأوربيين الملايين من الناس نتيجة هذا الوباء. (4) أثر الطاعون على الحياة الأوربية وأثر على الاقتصاد والزراعة والصناعة وكان له نتائجه الاجتماعية والنفسية على الناس.
|b Along history, epidemics have taken place, yet the most fatal is what is called 'Black Death', which had eradicated Europe and its surroundings in the 14th century. Based on the European historical and medical resources, this fatal epidemic had originated in China in 1344. Then, a cargo ship anchored on Genoa, Italy in 1347 loaded with a fatal ration of lymphatic bubonic plague to Europe. However, several factors have assisted in the spread of the plague epidemic among the cities like wildfire. Amongst these factors are rodents, merchants, then climatic conditions, starting from the south of Italy forward to other European cities. Yet, there were other epidemiological foci in various locations in Europe based on movements and directions of the cargo ships loaded with the Black Death. So, in this scientific paper, we will expose a study in the abovementioned era due to its effect on the European history in the Middle Era, mainly highlighting the concept of plague, its causes, its symptoms, and ways of its transmission among European cities as well the chronological sequence of the epidemic through studying the I Roman Emperor Justinian Plague as a rationale because a lot of historians have considered that the Europe plague was an extension to the Black Death. The paper, also, studies the European Plague in 1347 and investigates the most prominent cities in which the epidemic had already spread. Then, we shed lights on effects and reflex of the epidemic on the European community, and the most prominent general effects of the Plague on economic, religious, social, psychological, and literary factors and how people's life had changed before and after the Plague. At the end of this study, we will spot lights on the most significant protective and treatment ways the European cities have already conducted to encounter the spread of the Plague and the precautionary procedures they had followed. The daily-life routine at the era of the spread of the Plague or the Black Death was unnatural as Europe had already encountered regular epidemic attacks during three centuries and a half, which formed what was known as the second pandemic of the Plague between 1348 and 1722. These regular epidemics caused death with no mercy. When the Plague hit a community, all facets of life turn upside down, starting from the relationships within families to the social, political, and economic structures, where marketplaces and theatres become empty, graveyards become full of deaths, and streets are ruled by tough carriers of dead-bodies, whose sounds of their wagons are heard day and night.
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