| المستخلص: |
This research discusses the extent to which jurisprudential rulings are affected by climatic conditions. A definitive ruling responds in proportion to meteorological phenomena. Matters of worship such as prayer are not impacted by cancellation brought on by these kinds of events. Similarly, extended fasting hours are unaffected by weather. However, in countries where there are extended daylight hours and uninterrupted periods of total darkness, the ruling is impacted by meteorological phenomena without having an impact on the fasting principle itself. Zakat is impacted by the extent of rainfall totals. If the crops are irrigated by rain water or irrigation methods that do not involve hardship, the percentage of zakat on crops increases. Conversely, if there is not enough rain and the crops are irrigated with hard-earned water, the amount of zakat decreases. In a situation where there are strong winds and flooding that damage the crops, the farmer is required to pay zakat in proportion to the amount of the harvest. If it is less than the zakat quorum, he is not obligated to pay zakat in which case he himself may become eligible to receive zakat for that year. Here, the occurrence of a meteorological phenomenon does not absolve the obligation of paying the zakat; rather, the payment requirements—the fulfilment of the quorum were not fulfilled. In terms of transactions, if a climatic phenomenon, force majeure, or pandemic renders a person permanently unable to carry out the terms of the agreement, a person may choose not to fulfill the contract because he was not at fault though he must return what he took from the other party. It is advised to put off the contract for a while if the obligation may be fulfilled at a later date. In cases when the jurisprudential rule concerns a personal status such as a sickness that prevents a husband from engaging in sexual intercourse with his spouse, the husband is given a full year, complete with four distinct seasons and varied weather, to heal. The reason for this is to provide him with every opportunity to continue living a stable marital life.
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