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Over the last century, tap water systems' advancement and widespread implementation have brought about a significant transformation globally. This development has provided billions of people with access to clean water, alleviating the historical struggles related to water scarcity and its adverse impacts on health and development. In contrast, bottled water, as defined by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA), refers to water intended for human consumption, packaged in bottles or containers without any additional ingredients, except for the possible inclusion of a safe and appropriate antimicrobial agent and limited levels of fluoride. The Study Objective: Assessing Water Quality Objective 1: Assess tap water and bottled water quality, including physical, chemical, bacteriological properties, and heavy metals. Objective 2: Investigate correlations between different water quality parameters in tap water and bottled water. Methods: This research employs a descriptive and analytical approach, dividing a random sample of 200 into two groups. One group comprises tap water collected from various regions, and the other group consists of bottled water samples from ten different factories. The study entails conducting tests to determine the physical, chemical, and bacteriological properties of both types of water and assessing the presence of heavy metals. Results: The chemical examination of the parameters for the tap water, is shown in table -1. The heavy metal examination for all parameters for the tap water is shown in Table -2. The bacteriological examination for all samples of the tap water is shown in Table -3. The chemical examination for all parameters for the bottled water is shown in Table -4. The heavy metal examination for all parameters for the tap water is shown in Table -5. The bacteriological examination for all samples of the bottled water, it has shown in Table -6. The chemical examination result for the all parameters between tap water vs bottled water is shown in Table 7 and Figure 1. The heavy metal examination result for all parameters between tap water vs bottled water as shown in Table 8 and Figure 2. Conclusion: The study findings are crucial in ensuring that water quality adheres to international standards. Parameters such as temperature, pH, physical and chemical characteristics, bacteriological properties, and heavy metal content play a pivotal role in maintaining water quality and safeguarding public health. Recommendation: The study suggests that health education can be effectively delivered through various mass media channels such as television, documentaries, brochures, posters, and educational programs. These initiatives aim to raise awareness among people of all religions residing in Duhok Governorate.
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