| المستخلص: |
المقصود بالمفاضلة بين التبرعات الموازنة بين التطوعات المالية في الفضل، وبيان الأعلى منها في الشرع، مع التنبيه على أن التبرعات لها فضل على كل الأحوال، وعلى أن التفضيل بينها لا يقتضي التنقيص من المفضول، وأنه قد يعرض للمفضول ما يجعله فاضلاً، ولكن الأصل أن يقدم الأفضل عند عدم إمكانية الجمع، ويستكثر منه عند الإمكانية، هذا والتفاضل بين التبرعات إما أن يكون بسبب في المتبرع بصدقه وإخلاصه وإخراجه لماله حال صحته ورغبته فيه، أو بسبب المتبرع له بشدة حاجته وبقرابته وجواره للمتبرع، وبصلاحه ونفعه المتعدي للمسلمين، أو بحسب نوع التبرع بكونه وقفاً مستمرا أو الصدقة التي تكون لمحتاج غالباً، ثم الهدية لما يحصل بها من المودة، ثم الوصية، ثم القرض والعارية؛ لأن المال يعود فيهما إلى صاحبه، أو يفضل التبرع بسبب الزمان كرمضان وعشر ذي الحجة، أو بسبب المكان كالحرمين، أو بحسب جنس المتبرع به فالماء أفضل ما يتبرع به لعظم الحاجة إليه وكثرة النصوص الواردة فيه، وكذا المال الجيد الحلال أفضل من غيره.
The objective of this study is to compare and rank voluntary financial charities in terms of their merit, and to identify the most virtuous acts according to Islamic law. It is important to note that all charities are meritorious, and the comparison does not diminish the value of the less favored. The principle is to prioritize the most virtuous act when it is not possible to perform all, and to strive for the most virtuous when given a choice. The comparison of charities can be based on various factors, including the sincerity and purity of intention of the giver, their willingness and eagerness to donate their wealth while in good health. It can also consider the recipient's level of need, their relationship and closeness to the giver, their righteousness, and the extent of benefit they bring to the Muslim community. The type of charitable act also plays a role in the comparison. For example, a continuous endowment (waqf) is generally considered more virtuous than a one-time donation, as it provides long-term benefits. Similarly, a donation given to someone in need is typically favored over other forms of charity. The study ranks other forms of voluntary acts such as gifts, which foster love and affection, followed by wills, loans, and trusts, as the loaned or entrusted property eventually returns to its owner. The merit of charitable acts can also be related to time and place. For instance acts of charity during Ramadan and the first ten days of Dhul-Hijjah are considered more virtuous due to their spiritual significance Similarly, charitable acts performed in the sacred mosques of Makkah and Medina are deemed more meritorious due to their sanctity. The comparison also takes into account the thing donated. Water, being essential to life and heavily mentioned in Islamic texts, is considered the most virtuous form of donation. Similarly, good and lawful wealth is favored over other types of possessions.
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