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|a أولت الدراسات عناية متميزة للعلاقات بين مصر وخيتا في فترة حكم رعمسيس الثاني وما يقابلها من فترة مزدهرة في خيتا، وبخاصة أحداث معركة قادش ومعاهدة السلام بين رعمسيس الثاني وخاتوسيل الثالث، وهي فترة تعد نموذجا فريدا لعلاقات النضج السياسي بين حضارتين يكاد التميز الحضاري بينهما يتسم بالتوازن والمساواة. ولكن الفترة قبل حكم رعمسيس الثاني وبعده تتضمن مزيدا من التفاصيل التي تلقي بالضوء على كل طرف للآخر، وطبيعة الصلات الحضارية بين الطرفين، وتشابك المصالح في منطقه الصراع، وهي المدن السورية التي أصبحت محورا للصراع المصري الخيتي، لذا فقد تعددت زوايا البحث التي تميز بعضها بتوافر المصادر المتاحة في حين ندر بعضها أو تعذر الحصول عليه. وتناول البحث الموضوعات التالية: .مقدمة البحث: -نشأة الإمبراطورية الخيتية. .الفصل الأول: -الصراعات العسكرية بين خيتا وملوك الدولة الحديثة. -انهيار الإمبراطورية الخيتية. .الفصل الثاني: العلاقات السلمية: -المعاهدات والاتفاقات. -الزيجات السياسية. -العلاقات الاقتصادية. .الفصل الثالث: -العلاقات الحضارية. على الرغم من أن البحث اقتصر على العلاقات بين مصر وخيتا، فإنه يتعين على الدراسات المستقبلية تغطية جميع جوانب العلاقات بين مناطق الشرق الأدنى القديم مع تناول خلفية تاريخية لكل منطقة على حدة. إن المكتبة العربية تفتقر إلى ترجمات علمية دقيقة لوثائق بوغازكوي التي كتبت بالكتابة الأكدية، حيث تقتصر على معركة قادش ومعاهدة رعمسيس الثاني وخاتوسيل الثالث.
|b The relevant study drew out of work done about the Ancient Egyptian history and tries to draw up a reasonable outline of events in Egypt, Syria and Hitti in the 14th century B.C. by linking them together. The original Hittites were an Armenian - Anatolian people who founded several city-states in eastern Anatolia, of which one, Hatti, gained supremacy. In around 2000 BC, an Indo-European people invaded it, made themselves the ruling class and intermarried with the natives. The Hittites developed advanced political, military and legal systems. The country occupied land North of the Tigris and Euphrates and on the Northern, shores of the Mediterranean. The city of Hattusas (now Bogazkoy in central Turkey) became the capital of a strong kingdom which overthrew the Babylonian empire. There was a period of eclipse but the Hittite New Empire became a great power in 1400-1200 BC and fought a successful war with Egypt. A peace treaty was concluded in 1269 BC but was eventually overthrown by the Sea Peoples, unidentified sea-faring warriors who may have been Achaean, Etruscan or Philistine. Small Hittite states arose in northern Syria, of which the most important was Charchemish (Karkamis in Turkey) which was conquered by Sargon 11 of Assyria in 717 BC. Relations between Egypt and Hatti truly began to deteriorate during the reigns of the Egyptian pharaohs Amenhotpe III and Akhenaten and the Hittite king Shuppiluliuma I. In large part, this was caused by Hittite territorial expansion during their New Empire period, under the leadership of Shuppiluliuma I (c. 1400 BCE). They quickly came into contact and conflict with the New Kingdom Egyptians in the region of North Syria, an area which had been under Egyptian domination and influence since the days of Thutmose III (c. 1450 BCE). There are indications in the Amarna Letters that an Egyptian-Hittite peace treaty was eventually signed between Shuppiluliuma I and Amenhotpe III in the early forrteenth century BCE, this is possibly the famous Kurushtama Treaty, which is known to have been ratified by these two major second millennium BCE powers. More certain is a treaty signed between Shuppiluliuma and Akhenaten several decades later, perhaps after actual fighting between the two forces. Ironically, Shuppiluliuma I and his eldest son eventually fell victim to, and died from, a plague brought to the Hatti homelands in Anatolia by Egyptian prisoners who had been captured by Hittite forces in North Syria during one of those intermittent conflicts. The most famous conflict between the Egyptians and the Hittites was fought in Year 5 of the reign of Ramesses II, at the Battle of kadesh, by the Orontes River in Syria. There are two Egyptian accounts of that battle, known as the Bulletin (or Record) and the Peom; these are supplemented by pictorial reliefs (wall scenes) with explanatory captions. The narratives were inscribed on the walls of temples at various locations in Egypt, including Abydos, Luxor, Karnak, Abu Simbel, and the Ramesseum. A treaty between the two powers was ultimately signed some years later, which still exists in two copies: an Egyptian version inscribed twice at the Temple of Kamak and at the Ramesseum in Egypt (said to have been copied from the original text that was reportedly engraved on a silver tablet), and a version in Akkadian on a cuneiform clay tablet found at the Hittite capital city of Hattusas. To further cement the new peaceful relations between the Hittites and the Egyptians, Ramesses II later married a Hittite princess in an effort to establish familial bonds between the two powers. There are indications that the hittite crown prince (later king) Tudhaliya IV, and then the king himself, hattushili III, subsequently visited Egypt as royal guests, during Ramesses II’s thirty-sixth and fortieth years of rule. Then, in Ramesses II’s Year 44, he married a second Hittite princess, was said: An era of peaceful relations followed, exemplified by the pharaoh Merenptah’s efforts to send a shipment of grain to the Hittites during a time of need in the late thirteenth century BCE. The peaceful times were not destined to last long, however, for the Hittite Empire was destroyed about 1200 BCE, by either the Sea Peoples, who wre roving the Aegean at that time, or the Kashka, those quarrelsome neighbors of the Hittites located to the northeast of Hattusas. Soon, Egypt was also fighting for her very survival, against the same Sea Peoples, who had proceeded south from Anatolia, past Cyprus and Syria-Palestine, to the Nile Delta. Ironically, one of the last Egyptian mentions of the Hittites is in the records of Ramesses III, in which Hittite mercenaries were depicted fighting on the side of their Sea Peoples-perhaps renegade remnants of the once- powerful Hittite Empire, which by that time lay in ruins. The study is classified into: The foundation of Hittite empire, the military relationship between Egypt and Hatti, the peaceful relationship: treaties, political marriage, economical relations, the civilized relations and the collapse of Hittite empire. This study covers the period of maturity of civilization in Egypt and Hitti (1550-1069 B.C), in addition, it reflects a complete picture of relations between Ancient Near Eastern countries. Diplomacy played an important part during this period diplomatic exchanges reached a high level, but sometimes the Akkadian diplomatic records are lacking.
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