| المستخلص: |
This thesis deals with the effect of geographical factors on Islamic conquests till the end of the reign of the Orthodox Khalifis – The study falls into three chapters according to the fronts of the conquests : Capter One deals with the effect of the geographical factors in the front of the Arabic Peninsula and it is sub-divided three parts: The first part is devoted to the effect of the climatic factors like rain, floods, the direction of the winds and sunshine and draught. The second part concentrates on the underground waters as in Badr battle. The third part examines the effect of .... and it is subdivided into two: the effect of mountains and the effect of valleys. Chapter Two is devoted to the effect of the geographical factors in the Iraqi and Eastern front and it is sub-divided into three parts: The first part deals with the effect of the climatic factors such as rain, hail, wind-direction and the effect of weather in selecting the Islamic camps as what happened in selecting the place of Basra and Kufa camps. The second part concentrates on waters i.e. both underground and river waters. River waters were more prominent in the Iraq and Eastern front whereas they were a strong barrier in many conquests as in the battles of the coasts and of the battles of crossing the rivers. The third part includes the effect of in which the desert represents the link between the front of Sham because Muslims insisted on remaining on the borders of the desert in order not to be separated by water from the center of the Islamic Khaliphates, mountains can also be seen in this front as a natural barrier in the faee of the Islamic conquests as it was evident when the Arabs reached the mountain-feet separating the Iraqi planes from the mount of Iraq. Chapter Three is devoted to the front of Sham and it is sub-divided into three parts: The first part deals with the climatic factors i.e. rain and cold; the most evident geographical factor affecting the conquest in this front because the Arabs were not accustomed to it before. In addition to wind-direction, sunshine and environmental factors and therefore soldiers were infected with many sicknesses such as the plague of Omwas because of the humidity of the air to which the Arabs of Hujus were not accustomed. The second part concentrates on the effect of water which is of two kinds, river water and sea water, because Arabs had not sailed the seas before and they stood still in front of it till they settled and became stronger under Islam and they built the largest fleet which helped later on in spreading Islam overseas. The third part included many elevations due to the variety of the land of the Sham front where there were deserts plains, valleys and some mounts. The most evident of these factors was the desert as it was evident when Khalid Bn Al-Waleed crossed the vast desert to surprise the Roman army. The last part of the thesis is the conclusion which sums up the findings of the study.
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