| المستخلص: |
Midhat Pasha was one of the great reformers in Ottoman history , Although the period of 1869 to 1872 was brief, its importance in the history of Iraq was considerable. The Ottoman government failed along its ruling of Iraq to beat the overwhelming force of the indignant Iraqi tribes against the colonial Ottoman policy. Even it failed in its attempt to find suitable solutions for its policy in the field of land revenues through the introduction of new administrative systems . This failure resulted from the presence of strong tribes which firmly objected to all kinds of reforms and wouldn't let the government to strengthen its hold on the tribes . Midhat Pasha, therefore, deliberately continued its policy of divide and rule among the tribes in away to weaken and then controlled them . One of the measures taken by the government in its treatment of the tribes time in Iraq by Madhat Pasha , he used force and severity and the methods of military expeditions to punish the rebelling tribes which refrained to pay taxes . It also resorted to the principle of divide tribes by make differences among its sheikhs. Such policy , on the contrary , led to the strengthening of the tribal texture for facing all challenges, particularly the Ottoman policy towards them in first place . The tribes, sarcastically, refrained to pay taxes. They also sought to get rid of the government fist and military recruiting to the Ottoman army which was applied for the first time in Iraq by Madhat Pasha. I think that he who controls over the Iraqi tribes, will be able to control all over Iraq.The Ottoman authorities, therefore,as I see,sought to Ottomanization the tribes before and during the reign of Sultan Abd al-Hamid II.
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