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|a تتناول هذه الورقة حقوق المرأة في استخدام وإدارة مياه الري والآبار في وادي تبن. وتستهدف أولا توضيح إستراتيجية المرأة في الحصول على مياه الري ومياه الآبار. حيث لا يمكن للنساء السيطرة على المياه ما لم يكن لديهن أحقية في امتلاك ودراية بالأرض. ثانيا أن الإنتاج الزراعي تم التحكم فيه والسيطرة عليه قبل اكتشاف إدارة الري في وادي تبن. تدار وفرة المياه عن طريق وزارة الزراعة وجمعيات مستخدمي المياه. إن مضمون وراثة النساء يحلل من منظور النوع الاجتماعي. إن وفرة مياه الآبار وضحت فكرة النساء في السيطرة على مياه الآبار. أخيرا ركزت الورقة أحقية المياه للمرأة. وأظهرت نتائج البحث عدم المساواة في النوع الاجتماعي في استخدام المرأة للأرض والماء. نساء قليلات ممتلكات للأراضي. وقليلات ممتلكات للآبار. ويرجع ذلك إلى التقاليد في تقسيم العمل، حيث أن تقسيم المحاصيل والدخل والإرث بالنسبة إلى قواعد الشريعة والتي تنص على أن للذكر ضعف الأنثى. تمتلك النساء حدود للسيطرة على الأرض والماء. لذلك يوجد هناك نقص في المعرفة والمعلومات للمرأة كمستخدمه للمياه. أن تأسيس جمعيات مستخدمي المياه ركزت على هذا الوضع الضعيف في قانونها الداخلي ومبادئ المنظمات بالاعتماد على النوع الاجتماعي. وعليه فان جمعيات مستخدمي المياه لم تساهم في تمكين النساء المزارعات. وبالمقارنة، ثقة المرأة ازدادت مع تحرك جمعيات مستخدمي المياه.
|b This paper examines women's access to, use of and control over water in the context of spate and well irrigation in Wadi Tuban. It aims at showing how women strategise to obtain spate and well water. Women's water tenure cannot be understood without understanding land tenure patterns in Wadi Tuban and therefore land tenure is elaborated first. Secondly, agricultural production is elaborated upon, before exploring water management in Wadi Tuban. Spate irrigation is managed by the Ministry and the recently established Water Users Associations (WUA). Women's involvement herein is analyzed using a gender perspective. Next, well irrigation is explored, describing women's access, use and control over well water. Finally, the article focuses on women's water rights. The research findings show that there is a gender inequality in women's access to, control over and use of land and water. Few women are independent landowners. Even fewer women own wells. Reasons have to be sought in the traditional gender-segregation in terms of division of labour, the division of crops and revenues and inheritance rules according to Sharia, which stipulate that men receive twice as much as women. Women have limited access to and control over land and water. Hence, there is a lack of recognition and acknowledgement of women as independent water users. Their needs and interests are not transformed into formal water rights. The establishment of WUAs reinforces this weaker position: their bylaws as well as their principles of organisation are gender-biased i.e. male- privileged. Therefore, WUAs have not contributed to an empowerment of women farmers. On the contrary, women's dependency has increased as a result of the mechanisms that the WUA has put into motion. This paper examines women's access to, use of and control over water in the context of spate and well irrigation in Wadi Tuban. It aims at showing how women strategise to obtain spate and well water. Women's water tenure cannot be understood without understanding land tenure patterns in Wadi Tuban and therefore land tenure is elaborated first. Secondly, agricultural production is elaborated upon, before exploring water management in Wadi Tuban. Spate irrigation is managed by the Ministry and the recently established Water Users Associations (WUA). Women's involvement herein is analyzed using a gender perspective. Next, well irrigation is explored, describing women's access, use and control over well water. Finally, the article focuses on women's water rights. The research findings show that there is a gender inequality in women's access to, control over and use of land and water. Few women are independent landowners. Even fewer women own wells. Reasons have to be sought in the traditional gender-segregation in terms of division of labour, the division of crops and revenues and inheritance rules according to Sharia, which stipulate that men receive twice as much as women. Women have limited access to and control over land and water. Hence, there is a lack of recognition and acknowledgement of women as independent water users. Their needs and interests are not transformed into formal water rights. The establishment of WUAs reinforces this weaker position: their bylaws as well as their principles of organisation are gender-biased i.e. male- privileged. Therefore, WUAs have not contributed to an empowerment of women fanners. On the contrary, women's dependency has increased as a result of the mechanisms that the WUA has put into motion.
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