| المستخلص: |
The Arab uprisings brought out the vitality of the Arab peoples. But the activity, which seemed to be promising in the early 2011, faced increasing difficulties leading to the loss of some achievements. Although it is hard in such a short article to make general conclusions about all the Arab countries, it may be said that the track of change and reform in the region is moving faster than before the uprisings, even in those states which have not seen any revolution or societal protests. However, the embroiled Arab regimes - which represent the composition of the new Arab state - did not give in to the peoples with their youth, responsible political powers and rising demands for reform. In fact, they re-arranged their cards and strength, returning to the leadership and extremely excluding all dissidents. The planned official political violence worked together with a number of factors, so that the departments of the ‘deep state’ would produce a state of instability, as part of the counter-revolution in the Arab Spring states. These parties allied with regional and international powers in a bid to abort the activity, which was promising of liberty and human values. Therefore, extremism and violence should not be attributed to the short period of the Arab Spring, but to the long age of despotism as well as the policies of impoverishing, marginalizing and oppressing peoples. Arab democracies have not yet come to light. Thus, the articles investigates the progress of the Arab Spring (2011-2013). It starts with an introduction on the significance of setting a discourse and Arab research approach to study the Arab uprisings, followed by the factors which assisted their success at the beginning and the resulting reforms. Then, the exploration covers the reasons for the return of the ‘deep state’ since the mid 2013 to thwart the revolutionary and reformist activities. Finally, lessons are derived from the Arab Spring experience.
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