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The objective of this paper is to conduct an analytical exercise on dysfunctions in the design and especially the implementation of institutional reforms in Africa. Despite the ambitious nature of the planned reforms, the results are quite mixed. Most of the reforms undertaken are in a phase lock, both in terms of their viability as the point of view of the relationship between economy and institutions. Apart from Botswana, Mauritius and Ghana, other African countries are in a situation of institutional failure. The improvement and adaptation of formal institutions seem very slow compared to changes in cyclical and urgent needs of African economies. The reforms implemented so far have made very few changes. Three main factors have combined to explain this situation. First, the reforms were launched in a hurry. African countries have not taken enough experience to create the conditions for their success, particularly the eradication of rent-seeking behavior. Second, African countries have accepted the transplant institutions imported into their own socio-cultural environment. But these imported institutions are not always compatible with local institutions (customs, traditions, religion, culture, taboos, etc.). Third, African states lack the capacity and commitment required for successful reform projects. In addition to their quasi-predatory African states have neither a clear and coherent fashion employment reforms, nor skilled human resources to carry out such reforms. It is clear that, to meet the challenge of development, African countries are expected not only to fix and speed up institutional reforms, but also to deploy an effort to adapt the institutions imposed by the Bretton Woods organizations to local institutions. Institutions are the product of social construction, the product of actions and behaviors. Therefore, the production of new rules and new institutions more generally can only result from a process of evolution depending on existing.
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