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Results and Recommendations of the study: Work is every means that helps the individual to earn an income that preserves a decent life for himself and his family. Therefore, work is of great importance in human life, which promotes economic growth, contributes to the building of society, and enables the individual to build his independent personality. The results: The following are the main findings of the study: 1- The annual growth rate of real per capita from gross domestic product (GDP) has increased from 0.4% in 2013-2014 to 0.8% in 2014/ 2015, but fell to -0.1% in 2015/2016 and registered 1.3% in 2016/2017. 2- The annual growth rate of real per capita for employed persons from gross domestic product (GDP) has decreased from 1.5% in 2013/2014 to 1.4 in 2014/ 2015 and to 0.9% in 2016/2017. 3- The percentage of informal employment in non-agricultural employment has decreased from 28.8% in 2013 to 27.6% in 2014 and then increased to 31.3% in 2017. 4- The number of work permits reached about 1.3 million permits per year during the period 2013-2016. 5- Most of the work permits issued by the Egyptians to work was in the Arab countries and by 97.5% in 2016. 6- The permits issued for the work of the group of European countries represent 1.9% of the 2016 permits issued by Egyptians for work abroad, 0.4% for work on ships, 0.1% for work permits in Asian countries, and very small percentages for other countries. 7- The average wage of the worker has risen from 761 pounds per week in 2013 to 1050 pounds in 2017, an increase of 38% during the period. 8- The highest average wage per week is for legislators and senior officials and managers 1822 pounds in 2013 and then decreased to 1690 pounds in 2015 and then rises again to 2200 pounds in 2017. 9- Participation rates in the economic activity of males is higher than that of females in the years from 2013 to 2017, where the rate for males was 73.4% in 2013, while the rate for females was 22.9% in the same year. 10- The unemployment rate in 2017 decreased to be 11.8% compared to 13.2% in 2013. 11- Youth unemployment rate in 2013 was about 28%, and then decreased to 26.5% in 2014 when the country saw relatively stable and continued to decline until 2017 to 24.8%. 12- The highest rates of unemployment are among those with a university qualification and above to 22.0% in 2013, then fell slightly to 20.8% in 2017. 13- The employment rate at the total level reached 39.7% in 2017 and the employment rate is more than three times higher among males which reached to 61.3% compared with females (16.9%). 14- The highest rate of employment reached to 62.3% among those with an over intermediate and less than university degree, and increased significantly among males to 81.5%, compared to 32.5% for females. 15- The percentage of employees involved in social insurance is 47% at the total level compared to 39.3% for health insurance, 43.5% of employees have a legal contract. In general, these indicators are for formal employment. The percentage of employees in permanent work is 63.6% in 2017. 16- The percentage of male participation in higher management posts surpassed females as it reached 82.4٪ for males compared to 17.6٪ for females in 2017. 17- The percentage of female representation in Parliament was the highest represented in 2015, reaching 14.9٪compared 2.5٪ in 2012. 18- The percentage of youth not enrolled in education, employment or training increased from 29% in 2012 to 33.9% in the age group (24-15) in 2014. The percentage increased significantly among females to reach 54.5% in 2014 compared with 14.8% for young males. 19- The percentage of working children is 9.3% of the total number of children in 2010 (5-17 years old) and the percentage of males increases to 14.3% compared to 0.4% for females. 20- The rate of frequency of fatal occupational injuries decreased from 0.04 in 2013 to 0.01 in 2017 per million working hours. While the frequency of non-fatal occupational injuries increased from 3.8 in 2013 to 4.9 in 2017. Recommendations: 1- Giving attention to the provision of decent work opportunities suitable for everyone in terms of the right man in the right place with emphasis on supporting decent work for women and gender equality. 2- Pay attention to the distribution of wages in a way that achieves social justice and achieving equal capacity and skills is a key and democratic imperative. 3- Provide training courses and vocational training centers for the rehabilitation of young people so that they have decent work opportunities. 4- Special attention should be given to building productive capacities that are essential for achieving inclusive growth, structural transformation and decent work opportunities. 5- Pay attention to providing up-to-date data and conducting a survey on child labor.
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