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يدرس البحث حكاية الصياد والعفريت من "ألف ليلة وليلة درة الأدب الشعبي العربي على مر العصور"، وذلك من منظور اللغويات المقارنة. تحدد الدراسة – من خلال عيني المترجم المتأنية – عدداً من مشكلات الترجمة بهدف تظهير أنماط متكررة في استخدام اللغة وأنماط فكرية متكررة لمستخدم اللغة تتضح لنا على خلفية الترجمة المحتملة لها إلى اللغة الإنجليزية، وبذلك يتم اقتراح أساليب ممكنة للترجمة من شأنها أن تشكل مجموعة قواعد في الترجمة. ويستعرض البحث بعض العوامل اللغوية الاجتماعية التي تتعلق بالحكاية لتضعها في إطار السياق والزمان والمكان والشخصيات المشتركة في أحداث القصة بما فيها من تواصل لغوي. ويشكل البحث شعبتين لتحليل النص الأصلي وترجمته بدءاً من أهم العوامل اللغوية الاجتماعية، على النحو التالي: 1- الشعبة الأولى تعالج سمات مستخدم اللغة: المترجم في مقابل المتحدث/ الكاتب الأصلي ملقية الضوء على ما يلي: - السمة الفردية - المشاركة - الشعر في الحكاية - الصور البيانية في الأشعار - اختيارات خاصة اتخذها مستخدم اللغة بما فيها من خيارات تتعلق بحضارة اللغة وإرثها الثقافي، والارتجال وغياب المنهجية في بعض النواحي. الشعبة الثانية تعالج اللغة أثناء استخدامها في التواصل بين المشاركين وتأثيرها في مجموع المخاطبين من منطلق الترجمة مقابل النص الأصلي، ويتم تقييم الترجمة حسب المعايير التالية: 1- تحليل الخطاب 2- استخدام الجمل الاسمية 3- استخدام الأفعال المتعاقبة 4- استخدام الأفعال العلاجية 5- استخدام الأفعال البصرية 6- استخدام المجاز الذي يعبر عن فكرة معينة عن طريق جسم الإنسان 7- الأسماء المجردة 8- المفعول المطلق للتشديد في التعبير 9- صيغة افتعل 10- ظلال المعنى الدقيقة 11- الفاء دون مهلة 12- اللغة العامية والفصيحة في تمازج 13- تكرار المشاهد 14- الزخرفة اللفظية: السجع 15- استخدام كان التامة الدالة على الحدث 16- المقولة التي تحدث تغييراً في الواقع الملموس: تعابير دينية 17- عبارات مسكوكة متداولة clichés 18- التناص: تداخل النصوص بعضها ببعض وتمازجها 19- زمن اللغة 20- نقل حروف الكلمة العربية إلى الإنجليزية 21- أدوات الربط 22- النحو – ترتيب الكلمات في الجملة
The tale of the fisherman and the Jinni from Arabian Nights, the masterpiece of Arabic popular literature of all time, is studied from a contrastive linguistic perspective. Through the eyes of a translator, a number of translation problems are identified with the aim of pinpointing recurring patterns of language use and thought perceived against the backdrop of a possible translation into English so as to suggest possible future translating techniques that can form the groundwork for a set of translating rules. Sociolinguistic factors pertaining to the tale at hand are reviewed to place the tale in the adequate context of time, place, participants, etc. Two sections are devised to analyze the text and the translation starting from the most prominent sociolinguistic factors: A- Section one deals with user of the Language: translator versus the original speaker highlighting the following: 1- Individuality. 2- Participation. 3- Verses making by the speaker. 4- Imagery selection by user of the language. 5- Particular choices of user of Language including culture related choices, improvisation and inconsistency. B- Section two deals with Language in use, the translation versus the original assessed on the following criteria: 1- Contrastive analysis. 2- Use of nominal groups of words. 3- Use of verbs in succession. 4- Use of "performing" verbs. 5- Use of "visual" verbs. 6- Use of "body language" metaphors. 7- Abstract nouns. 8- Emphatic form صيغة المفعول المطلق 9- Verb formافتعل 10- Nuances of meaning. 11- Linking device الفاء دون مهلة 12- Colloquial and standard language. 13- Scene repetition. 14- Rhetorical embellishment of saja. 15- Existential there. 16- Speech acts: religious expressions. 17- Arabic clichés. 18- Intersexuality. 19- Time of Language. 20- Transliteration. 21 - Connectors. 22- Word order. Arabian Nights that started, as a rich, diverse oral tradition was preserved by scribes to become the highlight of Arabic popular literature of all time . "The frame story of Shahrazad is believed to be Persian in origin with Indian borrowings: It was Islamized and translated in the eighth century in Iraq.". (The Thousand and one Nights in Arabic Literature and Society, Andre Miguel, Cambridge University Press, P. 7). When translated, the Nights turned into a universal celebrity promoting Arab culture and civilization, enthralling audiences around the world, with its unique mosaic of events and characters as the story telling uses various linguistic techniques employing Quranic quotations as well as an interplay of verses, proverbial phrases, standard and colloquial Arabic usage together with other expressions that are specific to Arabian Nights. Thus , a masterpiece is made manifesting linguistic interaction with code- switching on various levels .The challenges a translator has to deal with are therefore countless. This paper aims to identify recurring patterns of Language use, recurring patterns of thought, and techniques in translating that can form the groundwork for a set of translating rules The world renowned translation of Arabian Nights into English by Richard Burton published by Khayat, Beirut in 1966 is used in this research to conduct a critique from a contrastive linguistic perspective. The tale of the fisherman and the Jinni is a distinctive narrative, a story of a fisherman confronted by a formidable adversary; the Jinni. The dominant conflict is between the central figure the fisherman and his adversary the Jinni. Fishing is this old man's livelihood and he is resigned to the fact that his lot as a fisherman is his destiny as we are let into his state of mind through the religious catchphrases and poetry he recites in instances of emotional distress and physical hardship. Various situations in time and place entail expressions specific to them, as parties to the linguistic interaction: the speaker, the addressee ,the where, the what, the when, and the how play a role in determining language use in various contexts. A set of social factors are identified by Janet Holmes in an (Introduction to socio linguistics, Longman, 1992, P. 12) to characterize language use. "1- The participants: who is speaking and who are they speaking to? The speaker versus the addressee 1. The setting or social context of the interaction: where are they speaking? 2. The topic: what is being talked about? 3. The function: why are they speaking?" Starting from these social factors we devise a sociolinguistic model in two sections to highlight the characteristics of the user of the language, and characteristics of language per se in use. A- The first section characterizes the user of the language in terms of: 1. Individuality. 2. Element of implied participation between speaker and addressee . 3. Verse making by the speaker. 4. Imagery selection by user of the language . 5. Particular choices made by the user including culture related choices, improvisation, and inconsistency. B- The second section characterizes language itself in use in terms of: 1. Contrastive analysis. 2. Use of nominal groups of words. 3. Use of verbs in succession. 4. Use of "performing" verbs. 5. Use of "visual" verbs. 6. Use of "body language" metaphors. 7. Abstract nouns. 8. Emphatic form صيغة المفعول المطلق 9. Verb form افتعل 10. Nuances of meaning. 11. Linking device الفاء دون مهلة 12. Colloquial and standard language. 13. Scene repetition. 14. Rhetorical embellishment of Saja. 15. Existential there. 16. Speech acts: religious expressions. 17. Arabic clichés. 18. Intersexuality. 19. Time of Language. 20. Transliteration. 21. Connectors. 22. Word order.
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