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الرئيسية > Ship Anchors in the Mediterran...>الوصف

Ship Anchors in the Mediterranean from the Bronze Age to the Middle Ages: An Analytical and Experimental Study

المصدر: مجلة كلية الآداب
الناشر: جامعة الإسكندرية - كلية الأداب
المؤلف الرئيسي: Aboelatta, Menna-Allah Ibrahim Mouhammed (Author)
المجلد/العدد: ع86
محكمة: نعم
الدولة: مصر
التاريخ الميلادي: 2016
الصفحات: 1 - 29
رقم MD: 1120753
نوع المحتوى: بحوث ومقالات
اللغة: الإنجليزية
قواعد المعلومات: AraBase
مواضيع:
الآثار | مراسي السفن | البحر الأبيض المتوسط | العصر البورنزي
رابط المحتوى:

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المستخلص: البحث يناقش المرساوات وتطورها في البحر المتوسط منذ العصر البرونزي حتى العصور الوسطي بطريقه تحليليه. يعتمد البحث على شقين شق تحليلي للمرساوات ووصف أنواعها وصف دقيق وشق تجريبي سوف يتم شرحه لاحقا. يعتمد البحث على الجانب التحليلي للمراسوات وتطورها حيث يناقش تطورات المرسوات البدائية (ما قبل المرساة الحجرية) إلى حجريه وصلا إلى المرساوات المعدنية. الجانب التحليلي يشمل وصف لأنواع المراسوات مع شرح بعض الأمثلة ابتداءا من المرساة الحجرية ذات الثلاث الثقب الواحد إلى المرساة الحجرية ذات التقبين وصولا إلى المرساة الحجرية ذات الثلاث ثقوب وصف وشرح تفصيلي موضح كيفية عمل كل نوع فيهم والظروف الجوية والبيئية المناسبة لكل نوع. ويشمل البحث أيضا وصف تحليلي للمرساوات الخشبية والمحتوية على معادن وصولا إلى المرساوات المعدنية. يناقش البحث أيضا القيمة الرمزية للمرساوات من أول المرساوات النذرية إلى المرساوات كرمز من رموز الديانة المسيحية. يشمل البحث دراسة تجريبيه للمرساوات الحجرية حيث سوف يتم عمل نموذج بدائي للمخطاف الحجري بأنواعه المختلفة حيث سوف يتم عمل نموذج للمرساة بثقب واحد ومرساه بثقبين ومرساه بثلاثة ثقوب وسوف يكونوا في نفس الحجم والوزن ولكن سوف يتم تجريبتهم في أحوال جوية مختلفة وأنواع قاع بكر مختلفة (رمليه- صخريه). لكن ما سوف يتم نشره هو الجزء المتعلق بالمرساوات الحجرية وأنواعها وتطورها.

The research discuss the ship anchor in the Mediterranean from the bronze age to the Middle Ages "an analytic study and an experiment al study" The research discuss analytic study f or anchor s and its development from the pre stone anchor to the metal anchors The research also discuss the symbolic value of the ship anchors and contains an experimental study for the three shapes of the lime stone anchors. But what will be publish in this paper is the stone anchor part. Stone anchors were, almost certainly, the earliest type of anchor to be used, and continued in use for a very long time, indeed there are some types that are in use today. For this reason the dating of stone anchors is immensely difficult. Any dated examples are, potentially, of considerable importance so it is vital that any dating in for nation be recorded. Most stone anchors are, in fact, composite anchors, in which the stone provided the weight to take the anchor to the sea bed, whilst the holding power was provided by means of separate arms, usually made of wood. Should any trace of the arms survive this too needs to be recorded. Complete wooden anchors may be found, they come in a variety of shapes and forms. They should be photographed and measurements taken. There is plenty of evidence that objects have been reused as stone anchors and fishing weights. This must be recognized as it could lead to problems when it comes to ascribing a date to an anchor, or recognizing an object as an anchor. Quern and mill stones can be recycled as anchors, so the discovery of such a stone on the sea bed need not be evidence of it having been carried as cargo. Types of stone anchor No hole: A stone anchor without a hole drilled though it. It may have a groove cut around it (waisted). Stones of this type were sometimes used to weigh down a wooden anchor. Small versions were used as fishing weights and larger versions as buoy weights. Worked rectangular and rounded versions are known, as well as those based on an un-worked stone. One hole: A stone anchor with a single hole though it. Also sometimes used to weigh down a wooden anchor. Smaller versions (maximum length 30 cm, weight less than 10 kg) are used as net-weights and very small examples (maximum length 12 cm, weight less than 500 g) as line-weights (dimensions taken from British examples). Central hole: They can be found with a central hole these are sometimes called ‘ring anchors’. Quern and mill-stones can be recycled as anchors of this type. In eighteenth century Yorkshire, worn out mill stones were used as buoy anchors. Variations are known with smaller holes at the edge, either to attach the stone to a wooden anchor, or for a smaller rope to help in handling the anchor Hole at end :Single hole anchors are also found with a hole at one end: these are the earliest known forms of stone anchor, examples have been found in the eastern Mediterranean dated to the second millennium B.C. These have continued in use until the present day, and are one of the most common type of fishing weight. Variations are known with an additional hole drilled into the top of the stone, linking with the main hole. This is believed to have been for securing additional ropes to aid recovery and prevent loss. Two holes :This type of anchor has two holes, one at each end of the stone. These anchors could be used in two ways, both of which are known from recent ethnographic examples. In the first example, one hole took a rope, the other an arm - usually of wood. In the second, only recorded on fishing gear, both holes took ropes. Wear-patterns on the stone should make it possible to distinguish which method was used. Classical: This anchor was commonly used in the Mediterranean by both Greek and Roman shipping, though plenty of examples are know from the Atlantic, Red Sea and Indian Ocean. It is often referred to as a ‘classical’ or ‘Roman’ anchor, although evidence suggests that it continued in use for many centuries after the end of the Roman Empire. The holes form a triangle. The upper hole, which took the rope, can either be in the same plane as the lower holes or it can run across the stone. There are usually two lower holes (though three are known), always in the same plane. Rough examples, on flat slabs of stone, are probably ‘sand anchors’ designed to lie flat on a sandy seabed to achieve maximum grip.

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