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|b In September 2015, the United Nations launched the sustainable development goals (SDGs), Egypt was one of the 193 countries that adopted the SDGs and ratified the related agreements, and Starting from 1 January 2016, the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development has included the 17 Goals, 169 targets and 232 indicators and it is replaced the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) for reshaping national development plans over the next 15 years with among others, and to achieve the new global objectives of ending poverty and hunger, responding to climate change, promoting the sustainable use of natural resources, and to set new Politics for migration which lying at the heart of this new global strategy, because it has the most direct impact on development related to economic, social aspects, and also indirectly effects on the other sectors and also it is achieve the SDGs core principle "leave no one behind". Based on above this paper aims to analyze the phenomenon of migration in the context of SDGs and the challenges of assessing and monitoring it, based on the use of a descriptive data analysis method for some National and international sources. Results: 1- The proportion of international migrants worldwide increased from 2.3% in 1970 to 3.5% in 2019, an increase of 1.2%. 2- 7.4 million Egyptians residing abroad reached in 2015, reaching to about 10.2 million Egyptians in 2017, while the total of Egyptians living abroad decreased to 9.0 million Egyptians at the end of 2019, and this may be due to the circumstances that Countries of the world are going through them in light of the precautionary measures announced by 168 countries around the world for fear of an outbreak of the Coronavirus, the matter becomes more difficult for Egyptians abroad, especially after the suspension of flying and study in some countries and the application of other countries to compulsory home quarantine. 3- 4.9 million of Egyptians residing abroad are concentrated in the Arab countries in 2015, at a rate of 66.5%., and the number increased to 7.7 million, at a rate of 68.4% at the end of 2017, but in light of the current conditions that Arab countries are going through from the insecurity in Libya And Iraq and the war in Yemen, and the decline in global oil prices, which caused the number of Egyptians to decrease to 4.9 million, or 54.6% of the total residents abroad at the end of 2019. The countries of the Americas come in second place, as Egyptians residing there at the end of 2019 recorded about 31.1% of the total Egyptians residing abroad, followed by those residing in European countries with a rate of 12.8%., then Asian countries by 1.4% at the end of 2019. 4- The majority of Egyptians are concentrated in Saudi Arabia, at 49.9% at the end of 2017, compared to 41.7% at the end of 2015, of the total Egyptians residing in Arab countries. While the percentage of Egyptians decreased to reach 36.6% at the end of 2019. 5- Egyptians residing in European countries at the end of 2019 reached about 1.2 million people, and it comes on the list of European countries that receive Egyptian immigrants, Italy and France are the highest percentage, reaching 39.1% and 36.1% respectively in 2019, and it may be the reason for the high demand for Egyptians to immigrate to Italy is that it is a popular destination for many young people, due to its proximity in the distance and may be easy to obtain residence papers compared to the rest of European countries.
|b 6- 1166 of Egyptian immigrants who acquired foreign nationalities while retaining the Egyptian nationality in 2016 to 1329 in 2019, likewise for 972 of immigrants who did not retain the Egyptian nationality in 2015, as the number increased to 1409 in 2018, an increase of 22.5%, while the number of Egyptians increased slightly from 2019, compared to 2.9% in 2019. 7- The highest percentage of Egyptian immigrants abroad who have university qualifications (bachelor’s - bachelor’s) rate of 43.2% of the total number of immigrants in 2019, followed by those with intermediate and upper intermediate qualifications at a rate of 34.1%, and the reason for this may be due to the high unemployment rates for those with intermediate and university qualifications. The lowest percentage of Egyptian immigrants abroad with university qualifications or more was 5.3% of the total number of immigrants in 2019. 8- The African region recorded the lowest number of Egyptians residing in it, at a rate of less than 0.1% of the total number of Egyptians residing abroad at the end of 2019, and the low rates of Egyptians in those areas may be due to the language factor for the Egyptian worker, and the biggest problem of education outcomes is not commensurate with the requirements of the labor market, which depends on professional and technical employment. 9- The volume of remittances in 2015/2016 reached 17 billion dollars, which represents 5.60% of the total GDP, then the volume of transfers increased to 21 billion dollars, which represents 11.57% of the total GDP, then it reached 26 billion dollars, or 10.83 out of the gross domestic product in 2017/ 2018, and finally it reached 25 billion dollars, with a rate of 8.89% of the GDP. 10- The volume of remittances in 2015/ 2016 reached to 17 billion dollars, which represents 5.60% of the total GDP, then the volume of transfers increased to 21 billion dollars, which represents 11.57% of the total GDP, then it reached then 26 billion dollars, or 10.83 out of The GDP in the year 2017/ 2018, and finally it reached 25 billion dollars, at a rate of 8.89% of the gross domestic product. 11- The results of the two reports issued to monitor and follow up the indicators of the sustainable development goals for the years 2018 and 2019 indicated the availability of 2 indicators, out of the total indicators related to migration (7 indicators), namely the indicator 2-3-17, the volume of remittances as a percentage of the GDP and the indicator 10.- 7-2 The number of countries that implement good immigration policies and this is the last indicator that was added to the 2019 report, but it is noted that the two reports did not address any challenges related to migration indicators. 12- The volume of remittance flows in Egypt is the highest in the countries of the Middle East and North Africa in 2020, according to the estimates of the World Bank, where the volume of remittances reached 24.4 billion dollars, which represents 6.7% of the gross domestic product (GDP). 13- Egypt ranked sixth in the World Bank’s classification of the countries most receiving remittances from abroad, with remittances reaching 24.38 billion dollars in 2020, a slight difference from France, which ranked fifth with a remittance volume of 25.31 billion dollars, while India and China remained in the first place. - And the second during the same years 2015, 2018, 2019, 2020
|b 14- The percentage of average cost of sending 200 Dollar to low- and middle-income countries is higher than 3% that is targeted by the remittance costs index (10-C-l), also There are slight differences regarding the average percentage of the cost of sending $ 200 to Egypt during the years 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018 and 2019, where it came in order of 5.7%, 5.9%, 5.6%, 5.1% and 4.9%, which are higher than the target percentage in SDG. 15- Banks are the most expensive to send remittances (200 US $) with an average rate of 10.9%, followed by post offices with an average of 8.6%, money transfer companies by 5.8%, and mobile phone companies by 2.8%. 16- Freedom of association in Egypt is a constitutional obligation according to the provisions of the articles of the Egyptian Constitution 2014, and it is also an international obligation, as Egypt has ratified many international conventions in the field of work, including Convention No. 98 of 1949 on the right to organize and collective bargaining, which it has ratified. Egypt on May 7, 1954, and International Convention No. (87) of 1948 Concerning Freedom of Association and Protection of the Right to Organize, and Egypt ratified it on November 6, 1957; This is in line with the target for Indicator 8-8-2 which ensure on Freedom of association and collective bargaining based on ILO texts and national legislation, according to sex and migrant status. 17- There is a significant decrease in the number of human trafficking cases that were monitored in 2017 (38 cases), compared to 2015 (72 cases), and in 2016 (81 cases) according to data of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime.
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