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|a يهدف البحث إلى دراسة خصائص الأطفال العاملين النوعية والعمرية والعملية بالإضافة إلى رصد بعض جوانب مستوى معيشتهم وكذلك دراسة الحالة الزواجية والتعليمية لأسر الأطفال العاملين بالإضافة إلى التعرف على المشكلات التي تواجه الطفل أثناء العمل وكذلك معرفة أهم الأسباب التي أدت لالتحاق الطفل بالعمل المبكر فضلا عن الوصول إلى نتائج واقتراحات تساعد في حل مشكلة عمالة الأطفال وآثارها اجتماعيا واقتصاديا على مستقبل الأطفال للمساهمة في وضع حلول تقلص انتشار ظاهرة عمالة الأطفال. وكانت أهم نتائج البحث: تفوق عدد الذكور من الأطفال العاملين على أقرانهم من الإناث، حيث كانت نسبتهم 86,7% مقابل 13,3% للإناث في منطقة الدراسة؛ بسبب العادات والتقاليد وخوفا من الاستغلال السيء للإناث في مجال العمل، وتزايد عدد الأطفال العاملين بالتقدم في فئات العمر لصغار السن. وأن أكثر من ربع العاملين من عينة الدراسة من الأميين؛ بسبب الالتحاق المبكر بالعمل وعدم الاهتمام بالتعليم بسبب المستوي المعيشي السيء للأسرة تبين أن عدد الذكور بالعمل يضاهي (17) مرة عدد الإناث، وأن الذكور الريفيين المتسربين من الدراسة لأجل العمل أكبر أضعافا من نظرائهم من سكان الحضر. وتبين أن الجوار الجغرافي كان سببا في استقطاب وجذب الأطفال إلى منطقة العمل، حيث قرب المنطقة الصناعية من مسقط رأسهم، كما تبين أن التعليم ونفقاته يشكل عبئا على كاهل الأسر، مما يجعل الآباء يزجوا بصغار السن إلى ميدان العمل المبكر. وقد شكل الأطفال العاملين الملتحقين بالتعليم الابتدائي والإعدادي 31,7%، %41,6% لكل منهما على الترتيب، مما يعني أن التحاق الأطفال بالتعليم بصاحبه عدم انضباط في الحضور المدرسي؛ لعدم اتفاق مواعيد العمل مع مواعيد الدراسة، وقد تبين أن خمس الأطفال يعملون من أجل مساعدة أسرهم، وان ثلث الأطفال يعملون لتوفير نفقاتهم الشخصية وان 42,5% يعملون من أجل تعلم حرفة مستقبلية، ومن أكثر المشكلات التي تواجه الطفل في العمل هو الضرب المتكرر بواقع (40,6%) من عينة الدراسة، يليها دخول أجسام غريبة في الجلد بنسبة 27,8، وان هناك (مشكلتين/ طفل) في مجال العمل، وتبين أن الأطفال العاملين لهم 238 أخ من الذكور و303 أخت، وقد يكون هذا من ضمن أسباب الخروج للعمل لمساعدة الآباء في إعالة الأسرة التي لديها إناث وتخشي عليهن من الخروج للعمل فتدفع بالذكور إلى ميدان العمل.
|b The number of male working children outnumbered their female peers, as their percentage was 86.7% compared to 13.3% for females in the study area, due to customs and traditions and fear of bad exploitation of females in the field of work. The number of child labour has increased with age of young people. More than 1/4 of the workers of the study sample are illiterate because of early enrollment in work and lack of interest in education due to the poor standard of living of the family. It was found that the number of males employed is 17 times the number of females, and that rural males who drop out of school for work are many times greater than their urban counterparts. The geographical proximity was the reason for attracting and attracting children to the work area, as the industrial area is close to their hometown. Education and its expenses are a burden on families, causing parents to push young people into early employment. Working children enrolled in primary and preparatory education constituted 31.7% and 41.6% each, respectively, which means that children's enrollment in education is undisciplined in school attendance because work schedules do not coincide with school schedules. It was found that 1/5 of children work to help their families, 1/3 of children work to provide for their personal expenses and 42.5% work to learn a future trade. One of the most common problems facing the child at work is repeated beating by (40.6%) of the study sample, followed by the entry of foreign bodies into the skin by 27.8%, and that there are (two problems / child) in the field of work. Most of the injuries are bruises and the reason for this is attributed to the narrow workshops that do not give room for the movement of the child, especially with the crowding of machines on the one hand, and crowded with working children on the other hand, which constitutes crowding that facilitates the impact of machines (that is, the child flees from the crowding of housing to the crowding of workshops and small factories). Repeated beatings also make the child suffer from the appearance of bruises. 55% of the study sample suffer from diseases, the first of which is (eye diseases and ophthalmia), which suffers from more than 1/4 of the study sample due to air pollutants and car exhaust. That 76.6% of the study sample work (12 hours), which violates international laws and legislation, and the weekly rest does not get 1/5 of the sample, which constitutes a flagrant infringement on the most basic rights of the working child. Children in the study area suffer from malnutrition, as 73% of them eat breakfast with lunch in one meal. Having money in the child's hands pushed him to smoke, where we find that 42.5% of the study sample smokes. Most of the fathers are illiterate about (1/4) of the parents of the sample, and 28.4% of them (read and write), and because of the low educational level of the father and the narrow view of parents towards education and lack of awareness of its role in the development of the child and society.
|b The low educational level of parents had a bad and negative impact on the rise of demographic characteristics of the families to which the working child belongs. (80.8%) of fathers work and 19.2% of them do not work, in addition to that 45.8% of mothers are working, while we find that 54.2% are housewives, which increases the burden of support on the family, especially with the presence of unemployed fathers, which makes there a reason for early children to be thrown into the field of work. Housing affects the behavior of individuals, where (36.7%) of the children of the sample own their parents housing, and there is no doubt that many children belong to rural families that spread rural houses that are owned by extended families and the spread of family homes, while the rest of the sample The system of housing possession of their families is rental possession, which indicates the low standard of living and their suffering from paying rent in accordance with Law (4) of 1996, which imposes temporary rental status. The degree of crowding is a major problem that the working child suffers from, especially with the high size of the family, where the average family size for working children is (5.4 people / family) in addition to the small number of rooms in their homes, as (74.3%) of the sample size live in (two rooms or less). The increase in family size by an average of 5.4 members / family played a role in the high burden of dependency, which puts pressure on the economic level of the family, pushing the child into the field of work. 1/3 of the number of working children from the city of Kafr El-Sheikh and the rest (68.3%) are rural workers due to the ease of access and the low daily journey time to work and their daily arrival to the industrial area, as 90% of these people make the trip in an arrival time of (less than half an hour).
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