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|a يتناول هذا البحث كناية آدم الأمريكي الذي يعتبر رمزاً من الرموز الأنجلوأمريكية ومظهراً من مظاهر هذه الثقافة، يدرس هذا البحث هذه الكناية في دراسة مقارنة لثلاث روايات أمريكية هي "مغامرة هاكلبيري فن" 1884 للكاتب الأنجلوأمريكي مارك توين (1835-1910)، والرجل الخفي 1952 لرالف إليسون الأفريقي الأمريكي 1914-1994، أما الرواية الثالثة فهي "القرد تريماستر" 1989 للكاتبة الأمريكية ماكسين هونج كينجستون الآسيوية الأمريكية 1940. تتمثل هذه الكناية في صورة المغامر الذي يسعى إلى تحقيق ذاته، نتناول الروايات موضوع البحث هذه الكناية بصور مختلفة ومتنوعة، هناك ثلاثة شباب أمريكيين يجولون بالمدن الأمريكية، من ثم تقدم الروايات نماذج لثلاثة رجال أمريكيين، تعكس هذه الصور المختلفة لكناية آدم الأمريكي القيم السائدة بالمجتمع الأمريكي حسب رؤية كل كاتب. تتفاعل هذه الصور في إطار حواري بين النصوص.
|b This research examines the American Adam, the pioneer, as a remarkable image that incorporates the Anglo American tradition. It is a comparative reading of Mark Twain's Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1884), Ralph Ellison's Invisible Man (1952) and Maxine Hong Kingston's Tripmaster Monkey: His Fake Book (1989). The American Adam is an icon of innocence, perseverance and great expectations. He also signifies individualism. The American Adam endeavours to fulfill the American Dream of abundance and great achievements. This article traces the "polyphonic" dialogues of three American "unmerged" voices with respect to the individualism of the American Adam and his great expectations. Twain acknowledges Huck Finn the American Adam. Huck Finn's innocence condemns the corrupt hypocrite society which renders him lonely. Such "lonesome" feeling, however, motivates Huck Finn to be a self reliant individual who enjoys the fulfillment of the American Dream. \ Ellison, on the other hand, represents a different image of the American Adam. The innocence of Ellison's Adam is regarded as a "flaw" that consigns him to a life of illusions. It is a mark of his "Cyclopean" blindness. The illusions of Ellison's black Adam are represented by misconstruing the assumptions of the dominant culture. He is deceived by the mirage of equality and the American Dream. The naivete' of black Adam renders him a submissive creature who is dominated by others. The black Adam, however, undergoes a painful process of disillusion. It is an illuminating journey toward gradual insight, independence and self reliance. Such journey is a starting point that leads to collective consciousness which has suffered from a long history of "invisibility" and marginalization. As such, individualism is a means, not an aim. \ Likewise, Kingston represents Wittman Ah Sing as a Chinese American Adam who reflects the countercultures of the Sixties. He is named after Walt Whitman, who is the father of the American personality. The fatherhood of the Chinese American Adam, however, is different. He highlights the inclusive and dynamic nature of the American personality. Thus, Wittman Ah Sing is not the echo or the shadow of the Anglo American Whitman. The American Eden of Wittman Ah Sing is the "carnivalization" of all Americans. It is an inclusive and "dialogic" vision which is not attained in America. The American inclusive identity acknowledges the individuality of all Americans. Successful individuals interact to form a multicultural community that rejects segregation and marginalization. Such multicultural community is represented by Wittman Ah Sing's inclusive theatre. Huck Finn, the nameless protagonist and Wittman Ah Sing, therefore, represent three versions of American Adam who lead physical and metaphorical journeys in America. The three journeys are incorporated within an endless "polyphonic" orchestration which interacts "dialogically" with the Anglo American journey motif. The three American picaresque journeys highlight the American society and the pervasive mainstream values. They also foreground the "polyphonic" perceptions with respect to the dominant traditions such as the idea of heroism and white supremacy. Unlike Twain's presentation that celebrates canonical heroism and white supremacy, Ellison and Kingston deconstruct racial hierarchy and represent a counter image of heroism. Accordingly, this article traces the "polyphonic" dialogues about the American Adam.
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