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The Arab region has gained significant momentum in addressing the issue of climate change, as it hosted the 27th United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (COP27) in 2022 in the city of Sharm El-Sheikh, and COP28 in 2023 in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. These events have greatly contributed to raising public awareness of climate change issues and have deepened their connection with societal matters, particularly in key sectors of Arab economies such as fishing, trade, and agriculture. These developments have not been limited to the Arab region alone but have also encompassed many countries around the world. Numerous studies have highlighted the challenges and implications of climate change on various sectors. Therefore, negotiations within the framework of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) aim to reach an international agreement to address these challenges, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and adapt to climate change. One of the primary sectors targeted by this convention is the traditional energy sector. The potential effects of negotiation outcomes on the traditional energy sector are diverse, and this is expected to significantly impact many Arab countries, given that their heavy reliance on cheap traditional energy sources for local consumption or as a significant component of their Gross Domestic Product (GDP), particularly in oil and natural gas exporting Arab countries. It is expected that these negotiations will push Arab countries toward a transformation in the energy sector. They will adopt new policies and measures to transition to more sustainable energy sources. This imposes on Arab countries the need to respond to these challenges by diversifying energy sources and enhancing environmental sustainability. This includes the development of renewable energy sources and increasing energy efficiency in various sectors, which some countries have already begun to do so. Therefore, this paper raises questions about the effects of the Framework Convention on Climate Change on the traditional energy sector in the Arab region, as Arab countries differ in their capacity to adapt to climate change based on their ability to bear the burdens associated with these changes. There are fragile economies in the region, which have been severely affected by conflicts and lack the necessary capabilities to adapt to climate change. In addition to this, nonoil producing countries face challenges in financing and enhancing their capacities to address climate change due to their weaker financial capabilities compared to oil producing countries.
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