| المستخلص: |
يتناول هذا البحث موضوعا هاما من موضوعات الفقه الإسلامي السياسي، فيما يتعلق بالقاضي، ذلك أن القضاء منصب خطير وعظيم، ووسيلة لإظهار حكم الشرع في القضايا الواقعة، به تصان الحقوق، وترد المظالم، ويحارب الفساد، وتستقيم الحياة، وإصلاح بين الناس، لذلك تولاه النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم والأنبياء من قبله. ولهذا شدد أهل العلم في شروط من يتولاه، حتى لا تضيع حقوق الرعية، ويسود الأمن والأمان، وينتشر العدل الذي هو أساس الملك والبقاء والاطمئنان، فقد اشترط الفقهاء فيمن يتولى هذا الأمر الخطير شروطا، بعضها مجمع عليه، وبعضها مختلف فيه، وفي هذه الدراسة عرضت تلك الشروط؛ بدءا بالمتفق عليها ومن ثم تفصيل اثنين من الشروط المختلف فيها، مع عرض آراء العلماء بأدلتهم، وأدلة المعارضين، ومن ثم المناقشة والترجيح.
This research addresses an important topic in the field of Islamic jurisprudence and politics, specifically regarding the judge. The judiciary is a significant and noble position, serving to enforce the rulings of Shariah in actual cases. Through the judiciary, rights are protected, grievances are addressed, corruption is fought against, society is stabilized, and reconciliation is achieved among people. This is why the Prophet Muhammad, peace be upon him, and the prophets before him, took it upon themselves to establish a judiciary. Due to the crucial nature of this position, scholars have emphasized certain conditions that must be met by those assuming it. This is to ensure that the rights of the subjects are not neglected, and security and safety prevail, along with the establishment of justice, which is the foundation of stability and tranquility. The jurists have stipulated conditions for those undertaking this important responsibility, some of which are unanimously agreed upon, while others are subject to differences of opinion. In this study, I presented these conditions, starting with the agreed-upon ones and then elaborating on three of the disputed conditions. I also presented the opinions of scholars along with their evidence, as well as the arguments of those who oppose these conditions. Finally, I engage in discussion and provide a conclusion based on weighing the different perspectives.
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