| المستخلص: |
Introduction: It is undisputed that addressing the problem of employment and unemployment in Egypt requires a framework of an integrated economic and social policies and in order to develop such a framework has to be the availability of accurate data and appropriate monitor the situation of unemployment and employment in Egypt. This study is to try to monitor the labor market indicators in Egypt in the period (1997-2009). Objectives of the study: This study aims to: 1- Identify the characteristics of the labor force and unemployment during the period (1997-2009). 2- Calculate the activity rates to identify the contribution of different age groups in economic activity. 3- Study characteristics of those employed according to sections of main occupations, economic activity, place of residence and sex 4- Identify the proportion of participants in the social security according to stability in employment, educational status and sex. The main findings of the study: 1- The largest proportion of workers is in the private sector, where the proportion increased from 63% in 1997 to 71.8% in 2009 of the total workers, while the proportion of workers in the government sector is decreased from 28% in 1997 to 23.7% in 2009. The percentage of workers in the public sector decreased from 8.2% in 1997 to 2.9% in 2- The educational status of workers is improved during the period 1997-2009. The percentage of workers who can read and write is decreased from 21.6% in 1997 to 10.4% in 2009. The percentage of workers among intermediate qualifications is increased from 22.4% in 1997 to 30.3% in 2009, and the percentage of workers holding a university degree or higher is increased from 12.7 % in 1997 to 16.3% in 2009. 3- The percentage of workers who had a legal contract is 35.6% (33.7% males, 43.0% females), and it increased to 75% or more for highly qualified workers.. 4- The percentage of participants in social security, is about 45% of the total employed persons and it is closer for both males and females in 2009. 5- About 30% of the total number of employees, is in the agricultural sector and fishing followed by workers in manufacturing and trade. 6- The unemployment rate increased from 8.4% in 1997 to 9.5% in 2009. The unemployment rate increased for males from 5.2% to 5.3%, while it is declined for females from 19.8% to 23.1% during 1997- 2009. 7- The age group (20-24 years) has the highest unemployment rate in 1997 when it reached 26.1% and it increased to 27.1% in 2009, followed by age group (15-19 years), where the unemployment rate was 22.1% in 2009. 8- The percentage of unemployed persons for less than a year reached to 16.4% of the total unemployed, and about 45.6% of unemployed persons is unemployed for a period ranging between 1-2 years. The rest of the unemployed (38.0%) is unemployed for more than two years. The periods of unemployment is much longer for females compared to males in 2009. 9- The highest percentage of the unemployed persons because there is no work at all (34.4%) and because of the lack of suitable business qualification (32.2%). This is also applies to males and females. The proportion of the unemployed due to lack of suitable business qualification is increased with the increased in the educational level in 2009. Recommendations: 1- Link the education output to the demand side in the labor market. 2- Expand of transformational training for graduates to match the requirements of the labor market 3- Expand the small and micro enterprises to the new graduates of males and females. 4- Provide small loans from the Social Fund for those interested in all regions of Egypt. 5- Expand the youth ownership of reclaimed agricultural land and provide training courses in agriculture and manufacturing production.
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