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اتخذت الدراسات الصوتية في السنوات الأخيرة مسارات متعددة، تقترب أو تتباعد بدرجات متفاوتة من نظرية (الفنولوجيا التوليدية) التي قدمها شومسكي وهاله Chomsky and Halle في سنة 1968. ويقدم هذا البحث تعريفا باتجاه حديث في التحليل الفنولوجي يعرف بـ (فنولوجيا الجزيئات) autosegmental phonology. وعلى الرغم من أن فنولوجيا الجزيئات تعتبر في إطارها النظري العام امتدادا للفنولوجيا التوليدية فإنها لا تعنى بتفسير الظاهرة الصوتية من خلال أسلوب صياغة القواعد الصوتية، إذ يتم شرح الظاهرة في اللغة المعنية من واقع عدد من الصفوف tiers أو المستويات levels التي يرتبط بعضها ببعض، وتتمثل تلك المستويات مباشرة في الهيكل الصفي للكلمة skeletal tier. وعلى الرغم من أن فنولوجيا الجزيئات برزت في البداية كاتجاه لمعالجة بعض المظاهر التطريزية مثل وظيفة النغمات في اللغات النغمية tone languages وانتقالها من مقطع إلى آخر، فإنه يمكن توسيع مجال التطبيقات ليشمل جوانب صوتية أو صرفية أخرى مما يجد القارئ أمثلة لها استمدها الباحث من اللغة العربية.
Since Chomsky and Halle introduced in 1968 the generative phonology model, newly emerging phonological trends have taken various paths which come close or depart from that model. In this work, I introduce Auto-Segmental phonology. It is an approach which does not concern itself with formulating phonological rules. Rather, pertinent phonological domains are explained through multi tiered levels, which are connected with each other. The realization of these levels is depicted through the skeleton structure of a word. The strength of the auto segmental approach is its capability of handling prosodic phenomena in Arabic in a natural and explicit way. It was necessary to start with a brief theoretical introduction to familiarize the Arab reader with the theory, and the framework of analysis. Then the structure of syllables in Arabic was introduced. The basic features of Arabic syllables are that they neither start with a vowel, nor with a CC. Accordingly the author has identified six syllables types on the basis of mora weight. Each syllable could be shown through its own skeletal tier. The author, further, argues that skeletal tier has its limitations when it comes to distinguishing between consonant clustering and gemination. It is thought that the use of templates can handle such aphenomena in a more practical way. Other phenomena such as epenthesis in Arabic can be represented clearly through templates, whereby newly introduced items are discernable directly through the template structure. Added to this is that the skeletal tier might contain lot of informations required by the branching nodes to connect the phonological elements with their abstract representatives. In this respect, the skeletal tier appears to be rather lengthy, and might not be able to reflect the phonological domains which morphemic processes in inflectional languages require them. John McCarthy, who developed the template framework analysis, conjured up that the CV will appear at the abstract level of the tier. The effect of this is that when we deal with nonconcatenative languages the whole skeleton would be reduced to basic abstract elements which represent the root. Other consonants and vowels which are added as a fulfillment of morphophonemic operations are handled according to spreading rules. On the basis of what have been sketched above, the author offers analyses of some morphophonemic phenomena in Arabic, such as (jazm), vowel shortening, assimilation, compensatory lengthening, nasalization. Finally, the author thinks that it is not desirable to debate which framework is superior: the skeletal tier or the template? As long as the final aim is to reach at a straight forward and satisfactory analysis, both the auto segmental and the lexical approach will be useful tools.
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