| المستخلص: |
هذا البحث يتعرض لبيان منهج أئمة النقد الكبار المتقدمين في الحكم على الحديث مقارنًا بمنهج من يخالفهم في هذا المنهج ممن عرف بالتساهل في الحكم على الأحاديث دون مراعاة للقواعد التي تتابع عليها هؤلاء الأئمة بالنظر لأحوال السند والمتن حتى رفع بعضهم الأحاديث التي لا أصل لها إلى مرتبة إثبات الأصل، ثم لمرتبة الحسن بل الصحة، وقد اخترت حديث: «أَنَا مَدِينَةُ الْعِلْمِ وَعَلِيٌّ بَابُهَا» كنموذج لهذا المبحث؛ لأنه قد اختلف في الحكم عليه حتى وصف بجميع مراتب الحديث المعروفة: موضوع، وله أصل لكنه ضعيف، وحسن، وصحيح.
a- The most important results: After Allah has blessed upon me with the completion of this research, it is appropriate to highlight the most important findings learned from it, which are summarized as follows: 1- It is obligated to know and apply the earlier criticism Imams, who have collected Hadiths in writing and memorizing, considered their chains of transmission, clarified their blemishes, and talked about their narrators with erudition and full vigilance. 2- It is obligated to recognize what agreed on by criticism Imams in the issue of invalidation of narrators and authenticating and defecting of narrations, with taking care of their rules of criticism known by them. 3- Defect occurred among late persons because of they have not taken care of the approach of earlier criticism Imams in the rules of such science. Rather, they were limited to what was written by the contradictors, who did not discern fundamentals and secrets of such science. 4- Criticism Imams judged on the Hadith "I am the city of knowledge …" to have no origin in Hadith Books and never be authenticated by any means whatsoever. Some of late persons contradicted them and followed Al-Hakim in his judgment based on his non-strict approach, and therefore they judged this Hadith to be good and authenticated it without considering the defect clarified by the criticism Imams. 5- Clear defect occurred in the approach of the late persons when they have not taken care of the rules of earlier criticism Imams in the issue of contradiction of invalidation and authentication. They neglected the succession of criticism Imams in invalidating some narrators strongly and explanatorily, and they brought forward one of the Imams who was flatterer despite of different opinions about him. 6- Clear defect occurred in the approach of the late persons in strengthening the very weak Hadith with several weak ways narrated by sole weak, disregarded and unknown narrators, with neglecting succession of criticism Imams on that this Hadith has no origin and narrated by sole by a suspect disregarded person and that all its narrators had conveyed it from him, based on their memorization and erudition of origins of Hadiths and their publicity from Companions and their followers. 7- Clear defect occurred in the approach of the late persons in applying some of Hadith Terms to their judgment on disordered narrations from the chain of weak, disregarded and unknown narrators, different by increasing or decreasing, to be from the category of "Hadith with increasing from the connected-chain Hadiths" or "increasing by trustworthy transmitter", with neglecting the judgment of criticism Imams to be denounced hadiths have no known means. 8- Clear defect occurred in the approach of the late persons in their judgment on the Hadith by considering the seeming of chain of transmission without taking care of the approach of great criticism Imams who have denied denounced texts even though their chains of transmission are seemingly authenticated, rather they have denied some texts with chains of transmission by which they have authenticated many other texts. b- Recommendations: 1- The need for studying the defects of Hadith on the light of the rules of earlier criticism Imams and clarifying them in order to reduce the disagreement occurring in the judgments of contemporary persons on Hadiths because of their lack of knowledge of the way of earlier criticism Imams. 2- Academic care, in graduate studies in universities and research centers, of specialized studies of earlier criticism Imams' approach, with allocating each science of them to special study. 3- Universities and research centers must allocate research sections and departments to study of earlier criticism Imams' approach, and providing time for experts in such area to write on such subject in fully systematic objective way in order to be the nucleus to shed light on such approach. 4- Paying attention from universities and research centers to the written researches and theses on the earlier criticism Imams' approach, with scientific coordination among such various studies comparing them in order to identify the general scientific approach used by the critics and points of agreement and disagreement. 5- Printing the unprinted academic theses on such area so that researchers can benefit of and coordinate among them.
|
