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إن المتتبع لفقه الصحابة والمتدبر له يدرك أن الصحابة رضوان الله عليهم كانوا أئمة الأمة في فهم وتدبر معاني الشريعة الإسلامية الغراء، حيث كانوا يراعونها في فتاويهم وأقضيتهم وأحكامهم وتعليمهم وتدريسهم فاجتهادهم الفقهي قام على أسس متنوعة تجمع بين النقل والعقل، وبين الدلالة اللغوية والظاهرية للنص، ومقصده وحكمته.... فقد كان النظر إلى المقاصد الشرعية من قبلهم أمرا من الأهمية بما كان، ومتكأ ضروريا يستندون إليه لمعالجة ما أدركوه من أوضاع ومستجدات..." ويأتي في مقدمة الصحابة الذين تنوعت معالم فكرهم، سبدنا أبو بكر الصديق رضى الله تعالى عنه، الذي يعد بحق من رواد المدرسة المقاصدية التي اعتنت بالمصالح، بل تظهر براعته الفكرية، ورجاحته العقلية في أخذه بمبدأ الاحتياط الشرعي، وقيامه بالأصول الشرعية، واعتنائه بالكليات الشرعية في انسجام تام مع قواعد الشريعة وروحها، بما أناط له النظر وظهر له من معرفة حقيقية للوقائع، فسيدنا الصديق مارس النظر المصلحي في كثير من القضايا وأعمل فكره المقاصدي في كثير من المسائل، من ذلك مثلا اعتباره للكليات الشرعية والمتمثلة في حفظ الدين والنفس والعقل والنسل والمال، بقتاله لمانعي الزكاة مثلا، فقيامه بكلية الدين من خلال حفظها من جانب العدم يبرز هذه العالم الفكرية الرشيدة. والواقع أن اجتهادات الصحابة لم تأخذ حظها الأوفى من الدراسة والبحث، باستثناء اجتهادات عمر بن الخطاب رضي الله عنه، فقد كان لأبي بكر اجتهادات، تبعا لما رآه من تغير وجه المصلحة التي هي مقصود الشارع، كما أنه تميز بنظر مصلحي بدت معالمه واضحة في عهد باقي الخلفاء كالاسترشاد بفهم كلية حفظ الدين من خلال المبادرة إلى جمع القرآن الكريم، وحرصه على توثيق خلافة سيدنا عمر رضي الله عنه.
The careful researcher in the jurisprudence of the Companions knows that the Companions, may Allah be pleased with them, were the imams of the nation in understanding and contemplating the meanings of the honorable Islamic Shari‘a, as they took the Shari'ah into account in their fatwas, judgments, rulings, learning and teaching. Their juristic Ijtihad (new reading) was based on “a variety of fundamentals that combine direct evidence and reason with the linguistic and explicit denotation of the text, its purpose, and its wisdom. Their consideration of Shari‘ah purposes was important as it was a necessary basis on which they relied to address the situations and developments they witnessed... The leading figure among the Companions whose intellectual features were varied was Abu Bakr Al-Siddiq, may Allah be pleased with him, who is considered as one of the pioneers of Al-Maqasidiyyah school (purpose-based school) which paid attention to interests. His intellectual feat and his mental wisdom are shown in adopting Shari‘ah principle of precaution, carrying out Shari‘ah fundamentals, and caring for Shari‘ah purposes, in perfect harmony with the rules and spirit of Shari‘ah, in all of what he studied and reached in matters of actual knowledge of the facts. Thus Abu Bakr Al-Siddiq practiced the interest oriented view in many issues and used his purpose-based thinking in many matters, such as considering the Shari‘ah universals represented by the preservation of religion, life, intellect, progeny and property by fighting zakat preventers. Thus, standing up for adopting the wholeness of religion through preserving it highlights these sound intellectual features. Actually, the Ijtihad of Companions did not take full advantage of study and research, except the Ijtihad of Omar ibn al-Khattab, may Allah be pleased with him. Abu Bakr had some Ijtihads that have changed some of the rulings that were being carried out in the era of the Prophet, peace be upon him, according to what he saw as a change in the perspective of the benefit which is the purpose of the Shari`a legislator. He was also distinguished by a benefit dominated view whose features appeared clearly during the era of the rest of the caliphs, such as being guided by the understanding of the preservation of religion purpose. This was shown through his initiative to compile the Holy Quran and his care for documenting the succession of Omar, may Allah be pleased with him, stipulating this in a book and sealing it in his life to quash the plea of sedition that would have happened as a consequence of leaving it.
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