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INTRODUCTION: The "Miswak", which is produced from the stems and branches of Salvadora Persica l, is used as a substitute for ordinary toothbrushes. Chemical analysis of Salvadora Persica l Miswak has demonstrated the presence of β-sitosterol and manisic acid, chlorides, salvadourea, and gypsum; organic compounds, such as pyrrolidine, pyrrole, and piperidine derivatives, glycosides, such as salvadoside and salvadoraside, and flavonoids. The antimicrobial effect may be due to biologically active compounds present in Miswak like trim ethylamine, Salvadorine chlorides, fluoride, silica, sulphur, vitamin C and small quantities of tannins, saponins flavenoids and sterols. METHODS: Multi-factorial design was conducted, by using Salvadora Persica l stem and leaves parts, using distilled water and ethanol 60% as solvents, and using maceration and soxhlet extraction techniques, eight extracts were obtained. Different concentration (12.2%, 25%, 50%, and 70%) Salvadora Persica l extract solutions were prepared to investigate the antimicrobial activity. Then 25% Salvadora Persica l leaves extract (that obtained by using soxhlet technique, ethanol 60% as a solvent) was used to prepare the Salvadora Persica l ointments and creams (both W/O and O/W type). The ointments were formulated using three different ointment bases (water soluble, W/O Base, and oligenious base) then antimicrobial activity, pH, viscosity, homogeneity, wash ability and spread ability of formulated ointments and creams were evaluated. Fusidic acid cream was used as a positive control. RESULTS: The leaves extract of Salvadora Persica l obtained by using ethanol 60% and using soxhlet technique showed the best antimicrobial results against both staph. aures and Candida albicans, while antimicrobial effects were diminished when topical ointments were prepared from the leaves crude extract of the plant. Different ointments showed different viscosity, pH, wash ability, homogeneity, and spread ability profiles. On the other hand, the O/W cream of the same extract showed comparable antimicrobial activity to that of the positive control against staph. aures and superior effect against the fungai , while the W/O formula showed no activity similar to the ointments. CONCLUSION: Salvadora Persica l ointments showed no antimicrobial activity but showed good physicochemical properties. In contrast, the O/W cream of Salvadora Persica l showed promising antimicrobial and physicochemical properties.
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