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|b Mohammad Ali had worked to establish the concept of the central government, and to establish law and order as a tool to achieve security and stability. Mohammad Ali divided the country into seven regions and each one into districts. Every district is divided into divisions, every division is divided into zones, every zone is divided into territories, every territory is divided into villages, and every village is divided into parts. The government system consisted of seven diwans, headed by the "High Diwan", which currently resembles the Council of Ministers, the most important of which is the Khedive Diwan (Ministry of Interior), the Revenue Diwan (Ministry of Finance), the Jihadist Diwan (Ministry of War), Diwan of the Sea (Ministry of the Navy), Diwan of Egyptian Trade and Foreign Affairs (Ministry of Trade and Foreign Affairs), Diwan of Schools (Ministry of Education), and Al-Furaiqat Diwan (Ministry of Industry). In 2007, Mohammad Ali undertook a comprehensive survey of agricultural lands with the aim of establishing a stable tax system for Egypt. He restored land ownership to the state. The most important major reforms undertaken by Mohammad Ali in the agricultural sector to increase the state’s revenues from this sector is the abolition of the concession system, the elimination of the obligors class, the state’s restoration of the right to “ownership” of all agricultural lands, and then the redistribution of the right to use it in return for taxes paid on it. Mohammad Ali established many huge public projects, such as the construction of charitable arches, the building of dams, such as the Paranoiac Dam (1809), the digging of canals, and the construction of bridges on the Nile shore to control floodwater and reduce the amount of losses resulting from it, in order to prevent flood flooding over land Agricultural. The government monopoly policy has been applied to all economic sectors. Mohammad Ali has taken care of agricultural affairs and has drawn for the country a new agricultural policy based on changing outdated farming methods and expanding the cultivation of cash and export crops. Therefore, the government has published agricultural education. Mohammad Ali was helped by a number of European experts to spread modern agricultural methods. In 1833, Mohamed Ali established the first school specialized in agricultural methods and ways. The state applied its monopoly policy by controlling production tools as well as its basic requirements in the agricultural production sector and the industrial sector. It is possible to distinguish in the era of Mohammad Ali between two types of industries: First: the major industries for which steam-powered factories were established, most of which were linked to the military industries and the needs of the army. They witnessed a great development and renaissance. Second: Small or non-military industries, which have suffered great damage and have deteriorated as a result of the monopoly system established by Mohammad Ali. The factories and their production were wholly owned by the state, and unlike the military industries that the Pasha relied upon to arm the army, he also had a monopoly over the manufacture and trade of textiles, mats, leather, dyes, rose water, soap, honey, burlap, sugar, linen, etc. In addition, he established a school of arts and industries in which many industries and crafts were taught, such as turning, blacksmithing, carpentry, steamship works, etc. and some sciences such as chemistry and mechanics. Mohammad Ali's interest in introducing many modern industries was related to his endeavor to use the surplus mobilized from the agricultural sector and from the monopoly of trade in establishing an industrial base to create balanced economic growth, but he relied primarily on establishing military industries for meeting the needs of his military forces. Mohammad Ali also organized the commercial activity and issued a law (regulating the collection of debts owed by merchants). He established (the first Council of Traders in Cairo in 1829). Then he established other councils in Alexandria and Damietta to resolve disputes between merchants and to issue rulings related to commercial issues. Mohammad Ali relied on the near-total monopoly system of foreign trade, a system that gradually developed in his years of rule. In the beginning, the pasha used to sell his products to foreign merchants residing in Egypt. And Muhammad Ali established (Diwan of Schools), it was the only authority that supervises, directs and controls modern educational institutions of all kinds and imposes their authority on them. The Diwan is the authority who sets regulations and laws, and from it orders and pamphlets are issued to the schools affiliated with it. It appoints isolates and punishes school employees. It also sets plans and curricula, it approves students' admission and transfers them from one group to another, or from one school to another, besides preparing exams. Mohammad Ali adopted a free education policy to help spread primary education throughout the Egyptian country among all classes of the nation. In the framework of achieving this goal, he established 50 primary schools distributed all over Egypt, making education free of charge in all types of schools. Muhammad Ali also dispatched the missions. The spread of education and interest in the translation process has led to a cultural renaissance whose features appeared in the emergence of the Egyptian press, which began with the establishment of Alwaqayie newspaper to document incidents in the Egyptian country and the publication of news of the army and the state and its institutions, court rulings, and external events.
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