| المستخلص: |
The following are the main findings of the study: 1- The decrease in the illiteracy rate for females from 37.2% in 2006 to reach 30.7% in 2017, but the gender gap between males and females still high. 2- The parity index decreased from 1.66 in 2006 to 1.45 in 2017, reflecting a marked improvement in the female illiteracy rate compared with males. 3- The percentage of females with intermediate qualifications increased during the period 2006-2017. The percentage increased from 23.3% to 26.7%. The parity index also increased from 0.83 to 0.85 during the same period, reflecting a relative improvement in the educational status of females in the intermediate educational stage. 4- The percentage of females with a university qualification increased from 7.9% in 2006 to 10.8% in 2017. This is also appears in the decrease of gender gap between males and females in university educational stage. The gender gap decreased from 2.9 to 2. Also, the parity index increased from 0.73 to 0.84 during the same period, reflecting the relative improvement in the educational status of females in university educational stage. 5- The rate of literacy among females in the age group (15+ years) increased from 57.8% in 2006 to 65.4% in 2017. Thus, the gender parity index increased from 0.8 in 2006 to 0.9 in 2017 for females. 6- The net enrollment rate for technical secondary education among females decreased from 31.4% in 2006/2007 to 28.3% in 2016/2017. 7- Dropout rates in the preparatory stage are higher than in the primary stage for both sexes for all the years under study. The dropout rate in the preparatory stage was 4.1% for both males and females in 2016/2017 compared to 2.1% for males and 2% for females in 2006/2007. In the primary stage, the dropout rate was 1.5% for males, 0.9% for females in 2006/2007, decreased to 0.5% for males, 0.4% for females in 2016/2017. 8- There was a fluctuation between the decline and the rise in the percentage of females graduates from public universities, which reached 53.1% in 2005, decreased to 40.1% in 2010, to rise again to reach 56.8% in 2016. 9- There was a fluctuation between the rise and decline in the percentage of females high diploma graduates who reached 47.2% in 2005, increased to 56.3% in 2010 and then decreased to 37.6% in 2016. The same pattern applies to obtaining of master's and doctorate degrees. 10- The percentage of females graduates from training institutions increased from 37.4% in 2004/2005 to 62.1% in 2015/2016, while the percentage of males graduates decreased from 62.6% to 37.9% for the same period, which led to a rise in the gender parity index for females. 11- The percentage of female labor force in the total labor force was low during the period (2005-201٧) compared to males. The highest percentage of the female labor force in 2016 was recorded by 24.2% compared to 75.8% for males, while the lowest percentage was 23% for females compared to 77% for males in 2015. 12- The increase in the percentage of total informal work in nonagricultural work increased from 25.3% in 2005 to 31.1% in 2017, the pattern of this pattern applies to males and females. 13- The rate of unemployment among females compared to males in general increased to reach 25.1% for females compared to 7.1% for males in 2005, decreased to 22.6% for females compared to 4.9% for males in 2010, and increase again for males and females in 2016, although the rate of increase is higher for males than for females, the rate of males was 8.9% with an increase of 4 points compared to 23.6% for females with an increase of 1 point, decreased again in 2017 to be 8.2% for males compared to 23.1% for females. 14- The average weekly cash wage decreased for females compared to males according to occupation in 2016, for example the average weekly cash wage for females in legislators, senior officials and managers decreased compared to that for males it reach L.E 1883 for females , L.E 1937 for males in 2016. 15- Male participation rate is still far higher than female in senior management positions, the rate is 16.2% for females compared to 83.8% for males in 2005, increased to 27.1% for females compared to 72.9% for males in 2010, and decreased again to 15.9% for females compared to 84.1% for males in 2017.
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